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Other possible long-term effects of successive concussions include other forms of dementia, mental health issues, and depression. Numerous blows to the head seem to be associated with clinical abnormalities and possibly chronic traumatic encephalopathy (CTE). Autopsies on football players who likely received multiple successive concussions revealed an excess of amyloid-beta plaques and tau tangles. It is imperative that the brain is allowed adequate time to recover before another injury occurs. Importantly, research has shown that the presence of microstructure white matter lesions that failed to sufficiently heal at the time of another injury may be critical for the development of chronic post-concussive syndrome. It is challenging to determine why or how some patients end up with post-concussion syndrome, but it appears that gender and neurobehavioral test scores at the time of injury may be predictive of future chronic symptomology. Approximately 15% of mTBI-diagnosed patients experience these persistent disabling difficulties. Chronic post-concussive syndrome, which is the persistence of symptomology several months after injury, can have symptoms that are very similar to the initial acute phase, such as headache, memory loss, irritability, sensitivity to light, loss of concentration, and fatigue. It is therefore extremely important to develop a simple, field-portable diagnostic tool that can objectively test for the presence of an mTBI.įollowing a mTBI, people experience acute short-term symptoms (within a month) with a majority of the symptoms resolving in 2–3 weeks. Unfortunately, relative to other common disorders of this magnitude, mTBI studies of optimal treatment and diagnosis are underfunded. Returning to the field with a brain injury is very dangerous as it could worsen the injury and lead to long-term changes in brain function. Despite new knowledge about the potential deleterious long-term effects of mild brain injury, athletes, their coaches, and military personnel experience added pressure to minimize symptom reporting, as to not let down teammates, or appear to be underperforming. These symptoms can vary in severity and prevalence from person to person, making reliable diagnosis difficult. The many possible symptoms of mTBI are, by themselves, fairly nonspecific and include headaches, dizziness, nausea, light/sound sensitivity, loss of consciousness, amnesia, irritability, cognitive changes, sleep disturbance, and emotional dysregulation. According to the Centers for Disease Control (CDC), it is estimated that in the USA, mTBI costs are $17 billion annually, creating a huge burden on society.
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Mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI) is highly prevalent, with an estimated 1.6–3.8 million sports-related concussions annually and as many as 320,000 concussions affecting military troops. This is a step toward accurate and objective classification measurements that can be implemented on the field as a future injury assessment tool. This study demonstrated the potential benefit of including EEG measurements to diagnose suspected brain injury patients. Results based on leave-one-out cross-validation revealed that the addition of EEG measurements boosted the accuracy to approximately 91 ± 2% compared to 82 ± 4% from the symptom questionnaire alone. An advanced machine learning algorithm called boosting was utilized to classify subjects into either injured or controls using power spectral densities on 1-min of resting EEG and the symptom questionnaire. Participants were administered a simple symptom questionnaire, behavioral tests, and resting state EEG was measured using three frontopolar electrodes. Participants consisted of 38 individuals with a recent mTBI and 47 controls with no history of mTBI within the last 5 years. In this study, we evaluated the accuracy of a system that could be employed on the sidelines or in the locker room to provide an immediate objective mTBI assessment. Despite the new revelations concerning brain disfunction from head injuries, individuals still feel pressure to remain on the field despite a debilitating injury. The frequency and severity of each occurrence, while difficult to quantify, may impact long term cognitive function and quality of life. The reliable diagnosis of a mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI) is a pervasive problem in sports and in the military.
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